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For training purposes, this resource book uses a graphically simplified framework (see, in particular, Module Module
5) taking into account experience with GEO-1, GEO-2 and GEO-3, as well as a number of sub-global
assessments. While the logic is essentially the same, the diagram shown in Figure 3 makes it easier in a 1
training setting to navigate through the steps of the analysis from drivers to responses. The basic structure
of the diagram is also similar to what has been developed by the European Environment Agency (Smeets

and Weterings 1999) . The same basic elements-Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact and Responses-are
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illustrated in Figure 3. Since this resource book focuses on Integrated Environmental Assessment primarily
at the national level, it is less critical to show multiple levels, although the assessments would obviously Abu Dhabi, UAE
reflect national level implications of global processes, and go into sub-national detail. Figure 3 also shows
how the elements of the framework are linked to the questions illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 3 Simplified analytic framework for integrated environmental assessment
and reporting

HUMAN SOCIETY
D-DRIVERS
Consumption and production patterns
Population demographics I-IMPACTS
P-PRESSURES Scientific and technological innovation Step 1 Human well-being
Sectors: Economic demand markets and trade (International goals and targets)
Agriculture, fisheries and forestry Institutional and social-political frameworks Material needs
Transport and housing Distribution patterns Health
Finance and trade Security Step 2
Energy and industry Freedom of choice
Security and defense Vulnerability to change in:
Science and education R-RESPONSES Step 3
Culture (Interventions) Economic Environmental:
Formal and informal adaptation and mitigation to
Human Influences: environmental change by altering human behavior and social: Provisioning
Emissions (pollution) within and between the D, P and I boxes i.a. through: Goods services (goods)
Land-use science and technology; policy, law and institutions; Services Regulating services
Resource extraction and coping capacity. Stress Cultural services
Modification and movement of Supporting
services
organisms
Stress (i.e. diseases
Natural Processes: and hazards)
• Solar radiation S-STATE (Environmental Change)
• Volcanic eruptions Step 1 State of atmosphere, land and water, and trends such as:
• Earthquakes Climate Change (also referred to as a direct driver)
Desertification and land-degradation
Loss of biodiversity
ENVIRONMENT Pollution and degradation of air, land and water Step 1
Step 1: What is happening to the environment and why?
Step 2: What are the consequences for the environment and humanity?
Step 3: What is being done and how effective is it?

4. Smeets, E. and R.Weterings. 1999. Environmental Indicators: Typology and Overview. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency.
<http://reports.eea.europa.eu/TEC25/en>

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