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Module ? Contingent choice methods, which do not ask for specific values, but inquire about the choices
5 two or more outcomes, including their costs and benefits, and asks the respondents to rank the
or trade-offs that people might make, and infers values from that information. The survey defines

outcomes in order of preference.

Benefit transfer is yet another type of valuation methodology. Benefit transfer allows valuations (of the
9-12 December, 2013 enough that such a transfer seems reasonable. Reasonableness depends on whether the services being
types described above) obtained in one study to be used elsewhere, in situations shown to be similar

valued are comparable to the services in the existing study, in terms of the features, qualities of sites and
ecosystems, and in existence of substitutes.

CASE STUDY

Groundwater Depletion In Bahrain
The primary source of natural water within Bahrain is the fossil groundwater stored in the
regional Dammam aquifer, considered as renewable in Bahrain on a relatively long term basis
through underflow from Saudi Arabia, at an estimated rate of about 110 million cubic meters

per year (Mm3/y). This underflow from the Arabian Peninsula represented, historically, a
supply to freshwater springs both on the island and offshore, that provided a freshwater
supply to populations.

66 Integrated Analysis of Environmental Trends and Policies