Page 78 - Module_5_en

Module
5 Instrument Instrument Description
Table 7

Category
Regulatory: Creating change via legal avenues
9-12 December, 2013 Instruments The enforcement of legislative instruments.
Acts and regulations passed to carry out legal mandate for changet
Legislative

Enforcement
Activity

Aims to induce socially responsible behaviour by establishing legal liability
Liability
for certain activities, such as natural resource damage, environmental
damage, property damage, damage to human health, non-compliance with
environmental laws and regulations, and non-payment of taxes, fees or
charges (Panayotou 1998).

Competition Government policy initiatives directed at orienting markets such that
and “prices are established and investments are made in competitive and freely
Deregulation functioning competitive markets” (NRCAN).
Policy
Institutional: Affect the workings of the government itself in an effort to promote change.

Internal Internal efforts to educate technical officers and policy-makers on
Education sustainable development topics (i.e., a national round table on the
environment and economy).

Internal Policies Governmental institutional changes (i.e., Saudi Arabia’s Commissioner of
the Environment and Sustainable Development) or procedural changes
(requiring drafting of a sectoral sustainable development strategy).

6.1.2 Understanding policy actors

Policy requires shaping and managing people’s behaviour, so understandably those groups of persons
affected by policy, either positively or negatively, are important actors to be consulted in the policy
formulation process. Policy actors can be categorized broadly into three sectors of society: State, Market
and Citizen (Najam 1996, Najam 1999).

Who are the policy-makers? Policies are made (i.e., they are formulated) by a wide range of players

called policy-makers. In most countries, public policy-makers are usually elected officials or their
appointees.

76 Integrated Analysis of Environmental Trends and Policies