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An additional step not shown in Figure 8 is the process of communicating indicator results with Module
stakeholders, and understanding how they interpret the results in relation to values and their world-
views. Developing an effective participatory approach requires careful planning so that the people who 4
need to be involved are involved in an appropriate way, taking into account available resources (See
Section 2). The Priority Environmental Indicators in West Asia, Arab Africa Regions

Abu Dhabi, UAE

Figure 8 Linking values, issues, indicators and performance criteria in a
participatory process (Pintér, Zahedi and Cressman 2000)

sharper foucs and increasing specificity

specific targets and performance criteria
stakeholder values issues indicators Whole-system
perspective framework and
and context vision

participatory process

Indicator frameworks
Indicators are developed based on priority issues. The orientation of indicators to issues as well

as relationships among indicators (such as cause and effect relationships) is often structured using
conceptual frameworks. In an IEA and in GEO, the conceptual framework is the Drivers - Pressure -
State - Impacts - Responses (DPSIR) framework, which shows relationships between human activity
and ecosystem well-being, as introduced in detail in Modules 1 and 5. The DPSIR framework used in
GEO-4 is shown in Figure 6. The DPSIR framework is a variant of the Pressure – State – Response (PSR)
framework originally developed by Rapport and Friend (1979) for Statistics Canada and also adopted
by the OECD. Variations on the DPSIR framework include Driving-State-Response (DSR), which was
originally used by the UN Division for Sustainable Development (UN-DSD), and the Pressure-State-
Response framework used by Statistics Canada and the OECD.

The UNEP Human - Environment Interaction analytical approach: - built on the Drivers, Pressures, State
and trends, Impacts and Responses (DPSIR) framework. It is multi-scalable and indicates generic cause
and effect relations within and among:

IEA Training Manual Workshop for the National Reporting Toolkit (NRT) 49