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Module ? DRIVERS: The drivers are sometimes referred to as indirect or underlying drivers or driving forces
4 environment;
and refer to fundamental processes in society, which drives activities having a direct impact on the

PRESSURES: The pressure is sometimes referred to as direct drivers as in the MA framework.
?
It includes in this case the social and economic sectors of society (also sometimes considered as
Drivers). Human interventions may be directed towards causing a desired environmental change
9-12 December, 2013 ? un-intentional by-products of other human activities (i.e., pollution);
and may be subject to feedbacks in terms of environmental change, or could be an intentional or

STATE: Environmental state also includes trends, often referred to as environmental change, which
could be both naturally and human induced. One form of change, such as climate change, (referred
to as a direct driver in the MA framework) may lead to other forms of change such as biodiversity
loss (a secondary effect of climate gas emissions);

Figure 9 DPSIR framework for GEO-4

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HUMAN SOCIETY
DRIVERS
Indirect influence
PRESSURES through human developmnet IMPACTS
Human well-being
Direct influence
through human Step 1
interventions
Step 2
RESPONSES Step 3
Sectors Mitigation and Economic, Environmental
adaptation social services
Human influences goods
and
services

Natural processes STATE and TRENDS
Step 1 Water, land, atmosphere,
biodiversity Step 1
ENVIRONMENT

Step 1: What is happening to the environment and why?
Step 2: What are the consequences for the environment and humanity?
Step 3: What is being done and how effective is it?
Source: DEWA 2006

50 Monitoring, Data and Indicators