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Module Performance criteria can range from general and descriptive (for example, whether a policy is in
5 associated with a specific indicator on a specific time scale). In essence, they provide a basis for
compliance with broadly defined principles), to specific and quantitative (for example, a target value

comparison between planned or desirable performance and actual performance. Table 9 provides
examples for some main types of performance criteria.

9-12 December, 2013 Table 9 Main types of performance criteria for policies

(based on Pintér, Zahedi and Cressman. 2000)

Type of criteria Example

Benchmark Comparison with a documented best-case performance related to the same variable
within another entity or jurisdiction. The policy is evaluated based on its impact in a given
jurisdiction compared with conditions in the benchmark or reference jurisdiction.

Example: highest percentage of households connected to sewage system in a comparable
jurisdiction.

Thresholds The value of a key variable that will elicit a fundamental and irreversible change in the
behaviour of the system. The policy is evaluated based on its role in making the system move
toward or away from the threshold in any given period.

Example: maximum sustainable yield of a fishery.

Principle A broadly defined and often formally accepted rule. If the definition of the principle does
not include a relevant performance measure, the evaluator should seek a mandate to identify
one as part of the evaluation.

Example: the policy should contribute to the increase of environmental literacy.

Standards Nationally and/or internationally accepted properties for procedures or environmental
qualities. The policy is successful if it helps keep performance within specified limits.Example:
water quality standards for a variety of uses.

Policy-specific Determined in a political and/or technical process taking past performance and desirable
targets outcomes into account.

Example: official development assistance shall be 0.4 percent of national GNP.

94 Integrated Analysis of Environmental Trends and Policies